Karahan Tepe, located near the renowned Göbekli Tepe in southeast Turkey, has been a source of fascination for historians since its discovery in 1997. However, it was not until 2019 that formal excavations began at this site. Alongside other locations in the Taş Tepeler region, Karahan Tepe provides crucial insights into the early Neolithic construction phases. One structure of particular interest is Str. AB, an underground ritual space that stands out among the Taş Tepeler sites.
Understanding Karahan Tepe within the Taş Tepeler Region
Unlike most sites in Taş Tepeler, Karahan Tepe features a large circular building known as Str. AD. This structure is similar in size to the monumental enclosures found at Göbekli Tepe and dates back to the late Pre-Pottery Neolithic period (circa 9000-8800 BC). Str. AD was a significant center for ritual activity. Adjacent to this structure is the remarkable Str. AB, a rounded hollow entirely carved out of the bedrock. This underground chamber, with its ten phallic-shaped structures and a human head emerging from the western wall, has captured the attention of archaeologists.
The Carved Human Head at Karahan Tepe
One of the most captivating features of Str. AB is the human head carved out of the bedrock. It is believed that people were paraded in front of this carved head, adding a ceremonial and spiritual dimension to the underground space. The exit of Str. AB, marked by a pile of slab steps, lies opposite its entrance. Above this exit, a serpentine channel cut into the rock suggests the possibility of water flow, indicating the potential use of ritual washing within the chamber.
Ceremonial Events in Karahan Tepe’s Underworld
The semi-subterranean design of Taş Tepeler sites, including Karahan Tepe, contrasts sharply with the cave environments of the Paleolithic era. These underground spaces were likely used for secret society initiations and ceremonial events by socially complex hunter-gatherer groups. Str. AB at Karahan Tepe is believed to interact with the cosmological underworld concept depicted on Göbekli Tepe’s famous Pillar 43, but in a more interactive and symbolic manner. Recent excavations have uncovered symbolic elements, such as a life-size boar statue and a vulture sculpture, which support the notion of a mystical underworld connection.
The discoveries at Karahan Tepe, particularly the unique underground ritual space of Str. AB, have captivated historians and archaeologists. The site’s intricate carvings, including the human head and phallic-shaped structures, offer glimpses into the ancient rituals and beliefs of the early Neolithic period. The connections between Karahan Tepe and other Taş Tepeler sites, as well as Göbekli Tepe, provide valuable insights into the complex social and spiritual practices of ancient societies. As further excavations and research continue, Karahan Tepe is poised to reveal more secrets and contribute to our understanding of humanity’s early cultural development.
