A team at the British Museum and the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), has led a pioneering study into 2500-year-old ancient Egyptian lizard mummies.
The team used an innovative technique called neutron imaging to examine a group of six sealed first-millennium BC animal coffins from ancient Egyptian sites, including Naukratis and Tell el-Yehudiyeh in the Nile Delta. Neutron imaging is more effective than X-ray imaging at seeing through metal. It allowed the researchers to ‘unwrap’ the lizard mummies and see organic remains through their bronze or leaded copper alloy containers. This technique has huge potential as a tool to help archaeologists analyze complex objects without causing any damage to them.
The imaging confirmed that the coffins contained bones likely to be North African wall lizards, which had been wrapped in textile—probably linen. Linen was widely used in Egyptian mummification practices for both animals and humans. Animal mummification was common in ancient Egypt, with some cases of people mummifying their pets to ensure their presence with them in the afterlife. The lizards placed in these coffins were not pets but were mummified as part of religious practices and beliefs that thrived particularly in the first millennium BC.
These mummified lizards are believed to have been linked with the cult of Egyptian creator and sun gods, such as Atum, who was often depicted as a human-headed creature with a part-cobra part-eel body, as seen on two coffins the team analyzed. Some mummified animals, like bulls, were selected during their life by priests because they were believed to be the physical incarnations of Egyptian gods. These animals would then live in a sanctuary dedicated to the god until their natural death.
However, most mummified animals, such as most cats and ibises, were bred in large numbers and sometimes killed young. They probably represented sacred offerings or were mummified at religious festivals. This may have been the case for the lizards studied here. Animals associated with specific Egyptian deities and mummified after their death were sometimes buried in dedicated labyrinthine buildings. It is estimated that some of these underground complexes housed hundreds of thousands of animal mummies. Three of the coffins studied were uncovered in Naukratis, in a cache where many sacred objects, including over one hundred animal coffins mostly topped with lizard mummies, eels, and snakes, were discovered.
A 3rd-century BC inscription tells us that a snake form of the god Amun-Re was revered in the cosmopolitan port, and it may be to him that these animals were dedicated. Only a proportion of the huge numbers of animals that ended up mummified were then placed in metal containers in the form either of a statue or a coffin topped by a representation of an animal.
The reason for this could be that the containers were quite expensive to make and required expertise in their manufacture. Or it could also be linked with the way the containers were used or displayed. Some of the animal coffins had one or more loops welded on their surface, suggesting they could have been hung, probably for religious purposes.
The imaging was conducted at the STFC ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, located at the STFC Harwell Campus in Oxfordshire, the UK’s leading center for neutron and muon research.
The study, “Neutron tomography of sealed copper alloy animal coffins from ancient Egypt,” is being published in Scientific Reports on 20 April 2023.
Dr. Daniel O’Flynn, X-ray Imaging Scientist at the British Museum, said, “By utilizing the capabilities of neutron imaging, we were able to study the sealed animal coffins non-invasively and further our knowledge of the fascinating world of animal mummification in ancient Egypt.”
Dr. Aurélia Masson-Berghoff, Project Curator at the British Museum, said, “In the first millennium BC, lizards were commonly mummified in ancient Egypt, as were other reptiles, cats, dogs, falcons, ibises, shrews, fishes… Lizards, like snakes and eels, were particularly associated with ancient Egyptian solar and creator gods such as Atum and perhaps, in the case of Naukratis, with Amun-Re Shena. With the help of neutron imaging, we have the potential to learn more about the ritual and votive practices surrounding these once impenetrable animal coffins, the ways they were made, used, and displayed.”
Dr. Anna Fedrigo, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow at STFC, said, “Neutron imaging has many important applications in 21st-century science. This study shows that it can also shed light on the inner structure of complex archaeological objects, including their manufacturing techniques and contents.”
Prof. Roger Eccleston, Director of STFC ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, said, “This is fascinating work, using neutron imaging to look inside sealed copper alloy animal containers and to study the manufacturing process without damaging the artifact. This work demonstrates the power of neutron imaging and the way it complements X-ray tomography in such studies.”
